... sappiamo quanto a Starfighter stanno a cuore gli
ammalati ed è per questo che promuove esperienze mediche
così efficaci come ...
" hai mai fatti dabbing?sai cos'e'?al momento e' la tecnica
piu usata qui per consumare cannabis,tutti vaporizzano
estratti su bracieri di titanio e ceramica con dei
bubbler,questa cosa e' fa femminucce???sai di cosa parlo? "
.
...ah.... grullooooo !!
15 ottobre 2015 13:19 - Starfighter23
PARLI DI DABBING E CANNABIS CUP SENZA AVERE LA PIU PALLIDA
IDEA DI COSA SI STA PARLANDO,SI TENGONO MIGLIAIA DI
COMPETIZIONI ATTORNO AL MONDO COME LA CANNABIS CUP,A
DIMOSTRAZIONE DELLA SICUREZZA DEL PRODOTTO IN QUESTIONE,NON
MI RISULTA SI FACCIANO COMPETIZIONI DEL MIGLIOR TABACCO O
DEL MIGLIOR BARBITURICO DELL'ANNO,O LA COPPA
DELL'EROINA,COS'HAI DA DIRCI A RIGUARDO COGLIONE?
SE VUOI SAPERE COS'E' IL DABBING PROVA CON GOOGLE COGLIONE
IGNORANTE
14 ottobre 2015 21:01 - ennius4531
.. spiegacelo tu , genietto !
..ah ... grullo !!
14 ottobre 2015 11:49 - Starfighter23
UEI PAPPAGALO PROVA ALMENO A CAPIRE COSA C''E' SCRITTO AL
POSTO DI RIPETERE COME UN COGLIONE,FATTI UN BEL DAB DI
AMANITA FALLOIDE E MUORI FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,HAI IL KARMA NERO
COME IL CATRAME,PISCIATI ADDOSSO COGLIONE
13 ottobre 2015 10:13 - ennius4531
Pifferaio .... miserabile ...
28 agosto 2015 15:13 - Starfighter23
.....
LA STORIA CHE IL VAPORIZZATORE LO USANO SOLO I MALATI E' UN
ENORME PUTTANATA,E' IL MIGLIOR MODO CHE STARE HIGH E' LA
PROVA STA NEL FATTO CHE IN TUTTE LE CANNABIS CUP LA GIURIA
TESTA I SAMPLE DI CANNABIS TUTTI CON IL VAPORIZZATORE,QUINDI
CREDIMI NON SAI DI COSA PARLI,COSA CREDEVI CHE LA GIURIA SI
METTEVA A ROLLARE 3000 CANNE DI CARTA PER TESTARE I SAMPLES?
......
hai mai fatti dabbing?sai cos'e'?al momento e' la tecnica
piu usata qui per consumare cannabis,tutti vaporizzano
estratti su bracieri di titanio e ceramica con dei
bubbler,questa cosa e' fa femminucce???sai di cosa parlo? "
.
13 ottobre 2015 3:18 - Starfighter23
I TOSSICI A CUI TU PULISCI IL CULO IN COMUNITA NON SONO PER
NULLA MALATI,SE PIU MALATO TU DU LORO,I MALATI SONO ALTRI
FIGLIO DI PUTTANA
12 ottobre 2015 8:14 - ennius4531
Premesso che l'uso per fini medici é legale da anni, il
tentativo di agitare casi pietosi per farti figurare come
nume tutelare dei malati, che usi come scudo, viene smentito
dalle tue stesse parole ...
7 settembre 2015 18:15 - Starfighter23
TORNA A PULIRE IL CULO AI TOSSICI IN COMUNITA' COGLIONE
MUCCIOLENNIO
----------
28 agosto 2015 15:13 - Starfighter23
.....
LA STORIA CHE IL VAPORIZZATORE LO USANO SOLO I MALATI E' UN
ENORME PUTTANATA,E' IL MIGLIOR MODO CHE STARE HIGH E' LA
PROVA STA NEL FATTO CHE IN TUTTE LE CANNABIS CUP LA GIURIA
TESTA I SAMPLE DI CANNABIS TUTTI CON IL VAPORIZZATORE,QUINDI
CREDIMI NON SAI DI COSA PARLI,COSA CREDEVI CHE LA GIURIA SI
METTEVA A ROLLARE 3000 CANNE DI CARTA PER TESTARE I SAMPLES?
......
hai mai fatti dabbing?sai cos'e'?al momento e' la tecnica
piu usata qui per consumare cannabis,tutti vaporizzano
estratti su bracieri di titanio e ceramica con dei
bubbler,questa cosa e' fa femminucce???sai di cosa parlo? "
12 agosto 2015 21:05 - Starfighter23
.....sei malato di mente e non potrai mai goderti i piaceri
della cannabis .....
------------------------
Pifferaio .... miserabile ...
12 ottobre 2015 4:30 - Starfighter23
SI GODO TANTO NELL'INSULTARTI E SMENTIRTI
GIORNALMENTE,GRAZIE A TE E QUEI 4 COGLIONI FINTI CATTOLICI
DELLE COMUNITA DI RECUPERO CHE RAPPRESENTI,IN ITALIA AI
BAMBINI CON PATOLOGIE GRAVISSIME NON E' PERMESSO DI CURARSI
CON LA CANNABIS FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,QUINDI MEGLIO FARLI PATIRE
LE PENE DELL'INFERNO VERO? DARGLI LA CANNABIS MA CHE
SCHERZIAMO MEGLIO FARLI CREPARE VERO FIGLIO DI PUTTANA?
11 ottobre 2015 12:27 - ennius4531
... per giustificare la goduria ?? tua , tiri in ballo
anche i bambini ammalati !
Pifferaio.... miserabile ....
10 ottobre 2015 0:53 - Starfighter23
I BAMBINI MALATI DI CANCRO CHE SI CURANO CON LA CANNABIS NON
C'ENTRANO NULLA CON QUEI 4 TOSSICI DI MERDA A CUI TU PULIVI
IL CULO IN COMUNITA' SCAFISTA DI MERDA FIGLIO DI PUTTANA
LATRINA,QUINDI TORNA PURE A SERVIRE I TOSSICI COGLIONE
8 ottobre 2015 19:23 - ennius4531
Premesso che l'uso per fini medici é legale da anni, il
tentativo di agitare casi pietosi per farti figurare come
nume tutelare dei malati, che usi come scudo, viene smentito
dalle tue stesse parole ...
7 settembre 2015 18:15 - Starfighter23
TORNA A PULIRE IL CULO AI TOSSICI IN COMUNITA' COGLIONE
MUCCIOLENNIO
----------
28 agosto 2015 15:13 - Starfighter23
.....
LA STORIA CHE IL VAPORIZZATORE LO USANO SOLO I MALATI E' UN
ENORME PUTTANATA,E' IL MIGLIOR MODO CHE STARE HIGH E' LA
PROVA STA NEL FATTO CHE IN TUTTE LE CANNABIS CUP LA GIURIA
TESTA I SAMPLE DI CANNABIS TUTTI CON IL VAPORIZZATORE,QUINDI
CREDIMI NON SAI DI COSA PARLI,COSA CREDEVI CHE LA GIURIA SI
METTEVA A ROLLARE 3000 CANNE DI CARTA PER TESTARE I SAMPLES?
......
hai mai fatti dabbing?sai cos'e'?al momento e' la tecnica
piu usata qui per consumare cannabis,tutti vaporizzano
estratti su bracieri di titanio e ceramica con dei
bubbler,questa cosa e' fa femminucce???sai di cosa parlo? "
12 agosto 2015 21:05 - Starfighter23
.....sei malato di mente e non potrai mai goderti i piaceri
della cannabis .....
------------------------
Pifferaio .... miserabile ...
8 ottobre 2015 14:00 - Starfighter23
PERCHE SCAPPI CON UN COPIA E INCOLLA QUANDO CI SONO DOMANDE
SCOMODE?COSA CI DICI DEI BAMBINI SALVATI DA TUMORI SERI
GRAZIE ALLA CANNABIS COGLIONE?COSA CI DICI DELLA SINERGIA
THC CBD PER CURARE IL CANCRO FIGLIO DI PUTTANA NON
SCAPPARE,CERCA DI AROGMENTARE
cosa mi dici della cannabis che salva la vita a bambini
affetti da leucemia?lo sai che ci sono molti bambini e
famiglie che ringraziano questa pianta per aver salvato la
vita ai loro figli,VOI SERVI DELLE COMUNITA TERAPEUTICHE DI
ASSASSINI CHE POSIZIONE AVETE A RIGUARDO? BE SI SE I FIGLI
ERANO VOSTRI SAREBBERO SICURAMENTE MORTI PER COLPA DELLA
VOSTRA IGNORANZA SENZA CONFINI,FOSSE PER LA CHIESA QUESTI
BAMBINI DOVREBBERO MUORIRE,PERCHE LA CANNABIS FA MALISSIMO,
VERO?QUINDI LEGGI QUANTO SEGUE E PROVA AD ARGOMENTARE SENZA
IL SOLITO COPIA E INCOLLA DI STUDI FAKE
CENTINAIA DI BAMBINI SALVATI DALLA CANNABIS MENTRE TU E IL
TUO AMICO DUCCI STUDIATE LA CANNABIS DEL MERCATO NERO DI
NAPOLI TRATTATA COL MEDATONE
COSA FARESTI SE AVRESTI UN FIGLIO IN QUESTE CONDIZIONI?LO
FARESTI MORIRE?DARGLI LA CANNABIS? MA CHE SCHERZIAMO,PORTA
LA RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE,NON SI PUO VERO?
IN QUESTO FORUM HAI AVUTO IL CORAGGIO DI PRENDERE IN GIRO
PERSONE AFFETTE DA CANCRO COME IL NOSTRO AMICO ANANDAMIDE
QUESTO BAMBINO ADDIRITTURA SALVATO DALLA NONNA CHE NE SAPEVA
PIU DI TE
L'HAI FATTO IL BACKUP DEI DATI?
Medical Marijuana Helped Save This Child From Cancer, But
Only After His Mother Put Up The Fight of Her Life
On September 30, 2012, Sierra Riddle’s life was turned
upside down when her 2-year-old son, Landon, was diagnosed
with Leukemia and given an 8 to 10 percent chance to live
past the next 24 to 48 hours.
“It was the absolute most terrifying day of my life,”
Riddle wrote on Landon’s blog.
For the next four months, Landon would be subjected to
rounds of chemotherapy, drugs and the side-effects of
treating his cancer. Just 30 days after he started chemo,
Landon’s physical appearance and quality of life
changed.
Riddle was forced to watch her son vomit 30 to 50 times per
day, withstand a 25 day food strike and spend holiday after
holiday in a hospital room, as she and her family prayed for
a miracle that would save her son.
Finally, in January of 2013, their prayers seemed to be
answered.
“We discussed all of our concerns with his medical team in
Utah and watched Landon continue to suffer and wither away
as the piled on drug after drug,” Riddle said. “Then my
mother came across cannabis oil online.”
Landon’s grandmother, who had always been against drugs,
spent hours researching cures for cancer and eventually
found enough information to convince her daughter to at
least try the cannabis to help Landon.
However, living in Utah at the time, Riddle knew discussing
cannabis use as part of her son’s treatment with his
medical team would go nowhere. So, they packed up and moved
to Colorado as “cannabis refugees.”
Riddle got her son a medical marijuana card and watched his
health and smile return as his quality of life improved.
“Our hearts were filled with joy that cannabis brought
back the smile to Landon’s face,” she added on his blog.
“Landon started getting better and better! It was as if a
miracle had happened! He was smiling again and started to
eat again!”
Landon’s family watched as the side effects of Chemo
seemed to lessen, his vomiting decreased to 10 times a day
or less and his counts went up, but their move to Colorado
didn’t provide the cannabis supporting doctors they had
expected.
After five months of cannabis use and other natural
remedies, Landon was in remission, but his doctors insisted
that he should start chemo again. With the threat of losing
her son, Riddle agreed to chemotherapy.
Although cannabis use had clear positive effects on
Landon’s health, his doctors—like most others in this
country—did not back the treatment as a proper way to
treat cancer.
While Riddle didn’t lose her son or face charges, other
families haven’t been so lucky. One Australian father is
facing charges after using cannabis oil to treat his
daughter’s cancer.
“It is atrocious that anyone on the planet would be
charged for choosing cannabis over pharmaceuticals,”
Riddle said. “My heart goes out to Adam Koessler and Rumor
Rose, along with uncountable other families that are
affected by cannabis prohibition.”
Although Landon and Rumor Rose’s stories have garnered
much attention, the fight to allow medical marijuana as
treatment in child cancer patients is still an uphill
battle. Despite the use of the drug in many adult cancer
patients, many doctors still frown upon its use in
children.
To parents in her situation, Riddle gives a word of
advice.
“Get ready for the fight of your life. Having a sick child
is a battle in itself, but making this choice is a whole new
world,” she said. “You’re going to need thick skin,
intuition, and a solid team. Don’t waste time making sure
every other pharmaceutical does more harm than good. If it
feels wrong in your gut, it’s probably wrong.”
7 ottobre 2015 8:21 - ennius4531
..questo é l'impegno di Starfighter , che mentre invoca
rispetto degli ammalati dichiarandosi loro scudiero, usa
espressioni dispregiative nei loro riguardi e suggerisce
pratiche ai sani sul come ci si deve cannare al meglio
.....
7 settembre 2015 18:15 - Starfighter23
TORNA A PULIRE IL CULO AI TOSSICI IN COMUNITA' COGLIONE
MUCCIOLENNIO
----------
28 agosto 2015 15:13 - Starfighter23
.....
LA STORIA CHE IL VAPORIZZATORE LO USANO SOLO I MALATI E' UN
ENORME PUTTANATA,E' IL MIGLIOR MODO CHE STARE HIGH E' LA
PROVA STA NEL FATTO CHE IN TUTTE LE CANNABIS CUP LA GIURIA
TESTA I SAMPLE DI CANNABIS TUTTI CON IL VAPORIZZATORE,QUINDI
CREDIMI NON SAI DI COSA PARLI,COSA CREDEVI CHE LA GIURIA SI
METTEVA A ROLLARE 3000 CANNE DI CARTA PER TESTARE I SAMPLES?
......
hai mai fatti dabbing?sai cos'e'?al momento e' la tecnica
piu usata qui per consumare cannabis,tutti vaporizzano
estratti su bracieri di titanio e ceramica con dei
bubbler,questa cosa e' fa femminucce???sai di cosa parlo? "
-------------------------
Pifferaio... miserabile !!
6 ottobre 2015 22:27 - Starfighter23
cosa mi dici della cannabis che salva la vita a bambini
affetti da leucemia?lo sai che ci sono molti bambini e
famiglie che ringraziano questa pianta per aver salvato la
vita ai loro figli,VOI SERVI DELLE COMUNITA TERAPEUTICHE DI
ASSASSINI CHE POSIZIONE AVETE A RIGUARDO? BE SI SE I FIGLI
ERANO VOSTRI SAREBBERO SICURAMENTE MORTI PER COLPA DELLA
VOSTRA IGNORANZA SENZA CONFINI,FOSSE PER LA CHIESA QUESTI
BAMBINI DOVREBBERO MUORIRE,PERCHE LA CANNABIS FA MALISSIMO,
VERO?QUINDI LEGGI QUANTO SEGUE E PROVA AD ARGOMENTARE SENZA
IL SOLITO COPIA E INCOLLA DI STUDI FAKE
CENTINAIA DI BAMBINI SALVATI DALLA CANNABIS MENTRE TU E IL
TUO AMICO DUCCI STUDIATE LA CANNABIS DEL MERCATO NERO DI
NAPOLI TRATTATA COL MEDATONE
COSA FARESTI SE AVRESTI UN FIGLIO IN QUESTE CONDIZIONI?LO
FARESTI MORIRE?DARGLI LA CANNABIS? MA CHE SCHERZIAMO,PORTA
LA RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE,NON SI PUO VERO?
IN QUESTO FORUM HAI AVUTO IL CORAGGIO DI PRENDERE IN GIRO
PERSONE AFFETTE DA CANCRO COME IL NOSTRO AMICO ANANDAMIDE
QUESTO BAMBINO ADDIRITTURA SALVATO DALLA NONNA CHE NE SAPEVA
PIU DI TE
L'HAI FATTO IL BACKUP DEI DATI?
Medical Marijuana Helped Save This Child From Cancer, But
Only After His Mother Put Up The Fight of Her Life
On September 30, 2012, Sierra Riddle’s life was turned
upside down when her 2-year-old son, Landon, was diagnosed
with Leukemia and given an 8 to 10 percent chance to live
past the next 24 to 48 hours.
“It was the absolute most terrifying day of my life,”
Riddle wrote on Landon’s blog.
For the next four months, Landon would be subjected to
rounds of chemotherapy, drugs and the side-effects of
treating his cancer. Just 30 days after he started chemo,
Landon’s physical appearance and quality of life
changed.
Riddle was forced to watch her son vomit 30 to 50 times per
day, withstand a 25 day food strike and spend holiday after
holiday in a hospital room, as she and her family prayed for
a miracle that would save her son.
Finally, in January of 2013, their prayers seemed to be
answered.
“We discussed all of our concerns with his medical team in
Utah and watched Landon continue to suffer and wither away
as the piled on drug after drug,” Riddle said. “Then my
mother came across cannabis oil online.”
Landon’s grandmother, who had always been against drugs,
spent hours researching cures for cancer and eventually
found enough information to convince her daughter to at
least try the cannabis to help Landon.
However, living in Utah at the time, Riddle knew discussing
cannabis use as part of her son’s treatment with his
medical team would go nowhere. So, they packed up and moved
to Colorado as “cannabis refugees.”
Riddle got her son a medical marijuana card and watched his
health and smile return as his quality of life improved.
“Our hearts were filled with joy that cannabis brought
back the smile to Landon’s face,” she added on his blog.
“Landon started getting better and better! It was as if a
miracle had happened! He was smiling again and started to
eat again!”
Landon’s family watched as the side effects of Chemo
seemed to lessen, his vomiting decreased to 10 times a day
or less and his counts went up, but their move to Colorado
didn’t provide the cannabis supporting doctors they had
expected.
After five months of cannabis use and other natural
remedies, Landon was in remission, but his doctors insisted
that he should start chemo again. With the threat of losing
her son, Riddle agreed to chemotherapy.
Although cannabis use had clear positive effects on
Landon’s health, his doctors—like most others in this
country—did not back the treatment as a proper way to
treat cancer.
While Riddle didn’t lose her son or face charges, other
families haven’t been so lucky. One Australian father is
facing charges after using cannabis oil to treat his
daughter’s cancer.
“It is atrocious that anyone on the planet would be
charged for choosing cannabis over pharmaceuticals,”
Riddle said. “My heart goes out to Adam Koessler and Rumor
Rose, along with uncountable other families that are
affected by cannabis prohibition.”
Although Landon and Rumor Rose’s stories have garnered
much attention, the fight to allow medical marijuana as
treatment in child cancer patients is still an uphill
battle. Despite the use of the drug in many adult cancer
patients, many doctors still frown upon its use in
children.
To parents in her situation, Riddle gives a word of
advice.
“Get ready for the fight of your life. Having a sick child
is a battle in itself, but making this choice is a whole new
world,” she said. “You’re going to need thick skin,
intuition, and a solid team. Don’t waste time making sure
every other pharmaceutical does more harm than good. If it
feels wrong in your gut, it’s probably wrong.”
6 ottobre 2015 9:02 - ennius4531
...ah... LyH130, non sono l'unico come affermi a ..
'Quindi l'unico che per lavoro ancora allarma la gente con
pericolosi slogan sei te e sarai considerato sempre di'più
un pazzo pericoloso spara balle .' ,
Anche l'Aduc ci si mette !!
"AUSTRALIA - Uso cannabis regolare sotto 17 anni. Studio:
maggiore rischio suicidio e abbandono studio.
Notizia 10 settembre 2014 12:28
Chi usa regolarmente cannabis prima dei 17 anni ha una
probabilità di oltre il 60% maggiore di abbandonare gli
studi secondari ed è a rischio significativamente più alto
di non completare quelli universitari, di usare altre droghe
e di tentare il suicidio, rispetto a chi non l'ha mai
fumata.
Uno studio australiano del Centro Nazionale di Ricerca su
Droghe e Alcool dell'Università del Nuovo Galles del Sud
conclude inoltre che non vi è un livello 'sicuro' di uso da
parte di adolescenti, e che i risultati educativi più
scarsi e i rischi accresciuti si verificano anche fra chi
usa la droga meno di una volta al mese. Gli studiosi hanno
elaborato i dati di 3765 partecipanti che hanno usato
cannabis, da tre ampi studi di lunga durata sulla frequenza
e sugli effetti del suo uso.
Secondo gli autori della ricerca, pubblicata su The Lancet
Psychiatry, si tratta della dimostrazione più fondata dei
danni della marijuana negli anni dell'adolescenza. I
ricercatori hanno esaminato una serie di aspetti dello
sviluppo fino all'età di 30 anni: completamento degli studi
secondari, conseguimento di una laurea, dipendenza dalla
cannabis, uso di altre droghe illegali, tentativi di
suicidio, e depressione. Gli adolescenti sotto i 17 anni che
assumevano cannabis quotidianamente avevano una probabilità
di oltre il 60% minore di completare la scuola superiore o
l'università, sette volte più alta di tentare il suicidio,
18 volte maggiore di sviluppare dipendenza dalla cannabis e
otto volte maggiore di usare altre droghe illegali più
tardi nella vita.
"I risultati sono particolarmente tempestivi, dato che
diversi Stati Usa e paesi dell'America Latina si muovono
verso la depenalizzazione o legalizzazione della cannabis,
che la renderebbero più accessibile ai più giovani",
scrive il principale autore dello studio, Edmund Silins. "Le
autorità devono essere consapevoli che un suo uso in
adolescenza è associato a una serie di esiti negativi sulla
salute, sul benessere e sull'affermazione personale",
aggiunge."
Ne avrei degli altri pubblicati dall'Aduc sulla stessa linea
, ma oggi non voglio infierire sulla tua ignoranza
sull'argomento.
6 ottobre 2015 8:48 - ennius4531
..questo é l'impegno di Starfighter , che mentre invoca
rispetto degli ammalati dichiarandosi loro scudiero, usa
espressioni dispregiative nei loro riguardi e suggerisce
pratiche ai sani sul come ci si deve cannare al meglio
.....
7 settembre 2015 18:15 - Starfighter23
TORNA A PULIRE IL CULO AI TOSSICI IN COMUNITA' COGLIONE
MUCCIOLENNIO
----------
28 agosto 2015 15:13 - Starfighter23
.....
LA STORIA CHE IL VAPORIZZATORE LO USANO SOLO I MALATI E' UN
ENORME PUTTANATA,E' IL MIGLIOR MODO CHE STARE HIGH E' LA
PROVA STA NEL FATTO CHE IN TUTTE LE CANNABIS CUP LA GIURIA
TESTA I SAMPLE DI CANNABIS TUTTI CON IL VAPORIZZATORE,QUINDI
CREDIMI NON SAI DI COSA PARLI,COSA CREDEVI CHE LA GIURIA SI
METTEVA A ROLLARE 3000 CANNE DI CARTA PER TESTARE I SAMPLES?
......
hai mai fatti dabbing?sai cos'e'?al momento e' la tecnica
piu usata qui per consumare cannabis,tutti vaporizzano
estratti su bracieri di titanio e ceramica con dei
bubbler,questa cosa e' fa femminucce???sai di cosa parlo? "
Pifferaio .... miserabile !!
6 ottobre 2015 4:48 - Starfighter23
@PISCIATURO4531
cosa mi dici della cannabis che salva la vita a bambini
affetti da leucemia figlio di puttana?lo sai che ci sono
molti bambini e famiglie che ringraziano questa pianta per
aver salvato la vita ai loro figli,VOI SERVI DELLE COMUNITA
TERAPEUTICHE DI ASSASSINI CHE POSIZIONE AVETE A RIGUARDO? BE
SI SE I FIGLI ERANO VOSTRI SAREBBERO SICURAMENTE MORTI PER
COLPA DELLA VOSTRA IGNORANZA SENZA CONFINI,FOSSE PER LA
CHIESA QUESTI BAMBINI DOVREBBERO MUORIRE,PERCHE LA CANNABIS
FA MALISSIMO,VERO INFAME DI MERDA?QUINDI LEGGI QUANTO SEGUE
E PROVA AD ARGOMENTARE SENZA IL SOLITO COPIA E INCOLLA DI
STUDI FAKE
CENTINAIA DI BAMBINI SALVATI DALLA CANNABIS BRUTTO FIGLIO DI
PITTANA MENTRE TU E IL TUO AMICO DUCCI STUDIATE LA CANNABIS
DEL MERCATO NERO DI NAPOLI TRATTATA COL MEDATONE
COSA FARESTI SE AVRESTI UN FIGLIO IN QUESTE CONDIZIONI
FIGLIO DI PUTTANA?LO FARESTI MUORIRE?DARGLI LA CANNABIS? MA
CHE SCHERZIAMO,PORTA LA RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE,NONC
SI PUO VERO?INFAME DI MERDA DEVI FARE LA PEGGIO
MORTE,ASPETTATI IL PEGGIO DALLA VITA FIGLIO DI PUTTANA VERME
INFAME DI MERDA
IN QUESTO FORUM HAI AVUTO IL CORAGGIO DI PRENDERE IN GIRO
PERSONE AFFETTE DA CANCRO COME IL NOSTRO AMICO ANANDAMIDE
NON TI RICORDI PIU' INFAME DI MERDA,AUGURO A TE E TUTTA LA
TUA FAMIGLIA DI MERDA PRIMA O POI DI PROVARE QUALCOSA DI
SIMILE,INFAME
QUESTO BAMBINO ADDIRITTURA SALVATO DALLA NONNA CHE NE SAPEVA
PIU DI TE COGLIONE DI MERDA
L'HAI FATTO IL BACKUP DEI DATI?
Medical Marijuana Helped Save This Child From Cancer, But
Only After His Mother Put Up The Fight of Her Life
On September 30, 2012, Sierra Riddle’s life was turned
upside down when her 2-year-old son, Landon, was diagnosed
with Leukemia and given an 8 to 10 percent chance to live
past the next 24 to 48 hours.
“It was the absolute most terrifying day of my life,”
Riddle wrote on Landon’s blog.
For the next four months, Landon would be subjected to
rounds of chemotherapy, drugs and the side-effects of
treating his cancer. Just 30 days after he started chemo,
Landon’s physical appearance and quality of life
changed.
Riddle was forced to watch her son vomit 30 to 50 times per
day, withstand a 25 day food strike and spend holiday after
holiday in a hospital room, as she and her family prayed for
a miracle that would save her son.
Finally, in January of 2013, their prayers seemed to be
answered.
“We discussed all of our concerns with his medical team in
Utah and watched Landon continue to suffer and wither away
as the piled on drug after drug,” Riddle said. “Then my
mother came across cannabis oil online.”
Landon’s grandmother, who had always been against drugs,
spent hours researching cures for cancer and eventually
found enough information to convince her daughter to at
least try the cannabis to help Landon.
However, living in Utah at the time, Riddle knew discussing
cannabis use as part of her son’s treatment with his
medical team would go nowhere. So, they packed up and moved
to Colorado as “cannabis refugees.”
Riddle got her son a medical marijuana card and watched his
health and smile return as his quality of life improved.
“Our hearts were filled with joy that cannabis brought
back the smile to Landon’s face,” she added on his blog.
“Landon started getting better and better! It was as if a
miracle had happened! He was smiling again and started to
eat again!”
Landon’s family watched as the side effects of Chemo
seemed to lessen, his vomiting decreased to 10 times a day
or less and his counts went up, but their move to Colorado
didn’t provide the cannabis supporting doctors they had
expected.
After five months of cannabis use and other natural
remedies, Landon was in remission, but his doctors insisted
that he should start chemo again. With the threat of losing
her son, Riddle agreed to chemotherapy.
Although cannabis use had clear positive effects on
Landon’s health, his doctors—like most others in this
country—did not back the treatment as a proper way to
treat cancer.
While Riddle didn’t lose her son or face charges, other
families haven’t been so lucky. One Australian father is
facing charges after using cannabis oil to treat his
daughter’s cancer.
“It is atrocious that anyone on the planet would be
charged for choosing cannabis over pharmaceuticals,”
Riddle said. “My heart goes out to Adam Koessler and Rumor
Rose, along with uncountable other families that are
affected by cannabis prohibition.”
Although Landon and Rumor Rose’s stories have garnered
much attention, the fight to allow medical marijuana as
treatment in child cancer patients is still an uphill
battle. Despite the use of the drug in many adult cancer
patients, many doctors still frown upon its use in
children.
To parents in her situation, Riddle gives a word of
advice.
“Get ready for the fight of your life. Having a sick child
is a battle in itself, but making this choice is a whole new
world,” she said. “You’re going to need thick skin,
intuition, and a solid team. Don’t waste time making sure
every other pharmaceutical does more harm than good. If it
feels wrong in your gut, it’s probably wrong.”
5 ottobre 2015 22:24 - LyH130
Ennius sei stato insultato pesantemente, deriso, si è
scoperto c'ho che sei.. Addirittura quando Anche le tue
ricerche vengono smentite da altre più recenti, a quel
punto pur andando contro la scienza, rivendichi gli stessi
effetti deleteri della cannabis, appena smentiti da dei
dottori e ricercatori. Quindi l'unico che per lavoro ancora
allarma la gente con pericolosi slogan sei te e sarai
considerato sempre di'più un pazzo pericoloso spara balle .
mi sembra di aver capito, sempre contro, anche di fronte a
a risultati di ricerca più moderni. Quindi te quando studi
in verità non ti aggiorni. Capisco la tua ignoranza,
probabilmente sei così per una difficile adolescenza, ma la
sera non ti fumare una sigaretta con il whisky, dai retta a
me, curati con l'erba magica,e chi lo sa, che non guarisci.
5 ottobre 2015 8:16 - ennius4531
... non c'era bisogno che lo ricordassi .
Lo si dava scontato nel leggerti ......
5 ottobre 2015 1:22 - Starfighter23
dimentichi l'lsd che ho preso a 17 anni,basta frasi
preconfezionate servo4531
4 ottobre 2015 23:01 - ennius4531
Facciamo uno sforzo e superiamo le disattenzioni di
Starfighter per chiarire altre cosette.
Starfighter ha dichiarato ...
' Senti ho 40 anni e ho consumato cannabis da quando ho 14
anni ....'' .
---------------------------
In relazione a quanto sopra, uno dei capi della ricerca,
riportata trionfalmente da Starfighter , cosa ci dice ?
'.. Terrie Moffit, professor of psychiatry at King’s
College London, commented to the BBC:
“It is such a special study that I’m fairly confident
that cannabis is safe for over-18 brains, but risky for
under-18 brains.”.
------------------
Prendiamola per buona; per cui la conclusione a cui si
arriva é: dal momento che Starfighter l'ha assunta prima
del 18 anno di età, ha evidentemente corso dei rischi i cui
effetti si commentano da soli .
Riporto un mio precedente parere aggiornandolo ad oggi...
l fatto che Starfighter riporti ampia documentazione critica
sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole
alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse ,
ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i
commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi
studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti
deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
Infine, il fatto che esistano studi più recenti , perché
dovrebbero essere più credibili rispetto a quelli
precedenti più numerosi e di provenienza universitaria
diversa ?
3 ottobre 2015 20:30 - Starfighter23
PRESENTATI CON STUDI DEL 2015 SE NO SEI UN COGLIONE FINITO
CON QUELLI PUOI PULIRTI SOLO IL CULO,TI RICORDO CHE E' IN
ATTO UNA GARA ALLA QUALE VINCE CHI TI CANCELLA L'HDD PER
PRIMO
LE PIU BELLE CANNE SONO STATE QUELLE DA MINORENNE,PER NON
PARLARE DEL LSD A 17 ANNI =))
QUI L'UNICO CHE DEVE AVERE VOGLIA DI SUICIDARSI SEI SOLO
TU,NON I MINORENNI CHE USANO CANNABIS,VOLEVO MOSTRARE ALLA
TUA STUPIDA ATTENZIONE UN ARTICOLO DI PLAYBOY CHE POTREBBE
ESSERTI DI AIUTO VISTO CHE TU SEXUAL PERFORMANCE VERE NON NE
HAI MAI AVUTE,TI CONSIGLIO DI CONSUMARE UN PO DI CANNABIS E
PAGARE FINALMENTE UNA PUTTANA,PUGNETTARO
SEI LA COPIA DI GABRIELE PAOLINI
The Truth About How Marijuana Affects Male Sexual
Performance
Shared by: Justin Lehmiller | Playboy.com
Justin Lehmiller, PhD is a sex educator and researcher at
Ball State University
If you’re anything like me, you’ve heard different
things from different guys about how marijuana affects
sexual performance. Some say it helps; others say it hurts.
So what does the research say? What effect, if any, does
weed have on your, uh, joint?
Although survey studies have found that many guys report
sexual benefits of marijuana use, such as increased sexual
stamina, it is difficult to know what to make of findings
like this. While the conclusion that marijuana helps guys
last longer in bed is tempting, we cannot rule out the
possibility that this drug simply alters men’s perception
of time. In other words, sex might seem to last longer when
you’re high, but the actual amount of time you spend
having sex might not really be any different from when
you’re sober.
In the hope of providing a more definitive answer,
biomedical researchers have begun to conduct more controlled
research looking at the effect marijuana has on erectile
functioning. Their scientific efforts reveal that, rather
than helping erections, weed could potentially hurt them.
Animal studies have found that cannabis has an inhibitory
effect on certain receptors inside the erectile tissue of
the penis. We don’t have parallel research showing the
same thing in humans (at least not yet) because of ethical
and legal difficulties in conducting the research, but the
animal findings suggest that marijuana is more of a sexual
inhibitor than it is a sexual enhancer.
However, there are a few caveats.
For one thing, researchers have long argued that dosage is a
very important consideration when looking at the effects of
this drug, just like it is with alcohol. If you consume
marijuana or alcohol in small quantities, the inhibitory
effects on sexual performance tend to be pretty minimal. In
fact, you may actually experience an overall performance
boost with low doses due to these drugs lowering inhibitions
and stimulating desire.
In contrast, when drugs like marijuana and alcohol are
consumed in larger quantities, erectile and other sexual
problems (e.g., difficultly reaching orgasm) become much
more likely.
Consistent with the idea that higher doses of cannabis may
be problematic, research has found that the prevalence of
erectile dysfunction is three times as high for daily
marijuana smokers compared to those who don’t use it at
all.
Beyond dose, there are at least two other things to keep in
mind.
First, marijuana is not just one thing. There are different
strains of cannabis that can affect the body in very
different ways. One strain (indica) tends to more relaxing,
while the other (sativa) tends to be more stimulating.
Researchers haven’t yet looked at whether these cannabis
strains impact sexual functioning in different ways, but it
is worth exploring.
Second, people differ in their sensitivity to marijuana,
just as they differ in their sensitivity to alcohol. We all
know some people who get wasted after just one drink, and
others who seem to keep it together no matter how much they
imbibe. The same goes for smoking up or enjoying some edible
treats: some get giddy, others get sleepy, and more than a
few get paranoid.
Admittedly, the different psychoactive effects of marijuana
probably result from a combination of differences in drug
sensitivity as well as usage of different cannabis strains;
however, even with the same strain, it is very likely that
different guys will experience different sexual effects
based on how it interacts with their own body chemistry.
The accumulated research exploring the effects of marijuana
on male sexual functioning is pretty limited. While this
research suggests that marijuana is likely to be an erection
inhibitor, the answer is probably a bit more complicated
than this, and we need a lot more hard data (pun fully
intended) to understand why different guys report
experiencing different sexual effects.
Justin Lehmiller, PhD is a sex educator and researcher at
Ball State University and author of the blog Sex and
Psychology. Follow him on Twitter @JustinLehmiller.
2 ottobre 2015 20:39 - ennius4531
Facciamo uno sforzo e superiamo le disattenzioni di
Starfighter per chiarire altre cosette.
Starfighter ha dichiarato ...
' Senti ho 40 anni e ho consumato cannabis da quando ho 14
anni ....'' .
---------------------------
In relazione a quanto sopra, uno dei capi della ricerca,
riportata trionfalmente da Starfighter , cosa ci dice ?
'.. Terrie Moffit, professor of psychiatry at King’s
College London, commented to the BBC:
“It is such a special study that I’m fairly confident
that cannabis is safe for over-18 brains, but risky for
under-18 brains.”.
------------------
Prendiamola per buona; per cui la conclusione a cui si
arriva é: dal momento che Starfighter l'ha assunta prima
del 18 anno di età, ha evidentemente corso dei rischi i cui
effetti si commentano da soli .
Riporto un mio precedente parere aggiornandolo ad oggi...
l fatto che Starfighter riporti ampia documentazione critica
sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole
alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse ,
ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i
commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi
studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti
deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
Infine, il fatto che esistano studi più recenti , perché
dovrebbero essere più credibili rispetto a quelli
precedenti ?
1 ottobre 2015 21:35 - Starfighter23
UEI SERVO4531 INFAME4531 PRESENTATI CON STUDI DEL 2015 SULLA
RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE SE NO SEI UN COGLIONE PER LO
PIU GIA NEL 2013 AD HARVARD SI PUBBLICAVANO DEGLI STUDI CHE
SMENTISOCONO IL TUO
This research confirms the findings of the reputable Harvard
University from 2013: cannabis use does not have any impact
on the size of the brain.
QUI SOTTO TI COPIO 2 STUDI DEL 2015 CON AUTORI E TUTTO SE
NON SAI CON COSA RISPONDERE VATTENE AFFAREINCULO TU E LA TUA
FAMIGLIA DI MERDA FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,TU STUDI DEL 2015 SULLA
RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE NON NE HAI NEANCHE
UNO,QUINDI AMMMETTI LA SCONFITTA VENDITORE DI PENTOLE USATE
E NON GIRARE LA FRITTATA,TESTIMONE DI GEOVA,SCAFISTA DI
MERDA,LURIDO INFAME DI MERDA,FAI FARE LA SCANSIONE 3D A
TUTTA LA TUA FAMIGLIA DI MERDA
SEGUONO 2 STUDI DEL 2015 CHE SMENTISCONO COMPLETAMENTE LE
TUE PUTTANATE SULLA RIDUZIONE DELLA MASSA CEREBRALE,CONTINUA
A SPAMMARE FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,OCCUPA TUTTI I POST
MIRACCOMANDO,SPERO CHE TU FACCIA UNA BRUTTA MORTE COME LA
TUA AMICA COMPLOTTISTA ANNE BLOOD,SE NEL TUO STUDIO C'ERA
LEI C'E' PROPRIO DA FIDARSI
SE NON SAI CON CHE STUDI RISPONDERE NON GIRARE LA FRITTATA
PERCHE NON RISPONDERO'PIU,VEDRAI LE CONSEGUENZE DAL VIVO
INFAME DI MERDA
--------------------------------------------------
Daily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain
Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults
Barbara J. Weiland1, Rachel E. Thayer1, Brendan E. Depue2,
Amithrupa Sabbineni1, Angela D. Bryan1, and Kent E.
Hutchison1
+
Show Affiliations
Author contributions: K.E.H. designed research; K.E.H.
performed research; B.J.W., R.E.T., B.E.D., A.S., A.D.B.,
and K.E.H. analyzed data; B.J.W., R.E.T., A.D.B., and K.E.H.
wrote the paper.
The Journal of Neuroscience, 28 January 2015, 35(4):
1505-1512; doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2946-14.2015
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that marijuana use is
associated with volumetric and shape differences in
subcortical structures, including the nucleus accumbens and
amygdala, in a dose-dependent fashion. Replication of such
results in well controlled studies is essential to clarify
the effects of marijuana. To that end, this retrospective
study examined brain morphology in a sample of adult daily
marijuana users (n = 29) versus nonusers (n = 29) and a
sample of adolescent daily users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n
= 50). Groups were matched on a critical confounding
variable, alcohol use, to a far greater degree than in
previously published studies. We acquired high-resolution
MRI scans, and investigated group differences in gray matter
using voxel-based morphometry, surface-based morphometry,
and shape analysis in structures suggested to be associated
with marijuana use, as follows: the nucleus accumbens,
amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. No statistically
significant differences were found between daily users and
nonusers on volume or shape in the regions of interest.
Effect sizes suggest that the failure to find differences
was not due to a lack of statistical power, but rather was
due to the lack of even a modest effect. In sum, the results
indicate that, when carefully controlling for alcohol use,
gender, age, and other variables, there is no association
between marijuana use and standard volumetric or shape
measurements of subcortical structures.
Introduction
The United States has seen changing trends concerning the
acceptance of marijuana. As of 2013, 20 states had either
decriminalized marijuana or legalized medical use. Colorado,
Washington, Oregon, and Alaska have now legalized its
recreational use. Concurrently, the popular press has shown
significant interest in scientific studies on the effects of
marijuana use. Two widely featured studies include one
suggesting that regular marijuana use decreases IQ [Meier et
al., 2012 (which has been challenged for not accounting for
a confounding effect of socioeconomic status); Rogeberg,
2013], and another suggesting that “recreational use”
causes brain abnormalities (Gilman et al., 2014).
To be sure, these two studies do not stand alone. Other
studies of the relationship between marijuana use and brain
morphology have found equivocal results (Lisdahl et al.,
2014; Lorenzetti et al., 2014). Marijuana use has been
associated with both increased (Cousijn et al., 2012) and
decreased (Yücel et al., 2008; Demirakca et al., 2011;
Solowij et al., 2011) volumes of subcortical structures, or
both (Battistella et al., 2014). Importantly, these studies
were not designed to determine causality (i.e., that
marijuana use causes morphological changes), which would
require a longitudinal design to establish temporal
precedence.
Finally, many studies did not adequately exclude the effects
of confounding variables. Several reports included marijuana
groups that differed from control groups in alcohol
use/abuse (Demirakca et al., 2011; Solowij et al., 2011;
Schacht et al., 2012; Gilman et al., 2014). Unlike
marijuana, alcohol abuse has been unequivocally associated
with deleterious effects on brain morphology and cognition
in both adults (Sullivan, 2007; Harper, 2009) and
adolescents (Nagel et al., 2005; Medina et al., 2008;
Squeglia et al., 2012). Statistically controlling for
comorbid alcohol abuse, as many studies do, is not an ideal
strategy, especially in small groups or under conditions
where covariates may interact with the independent variable
(Miller and Chapman, 2001). Thus, it is possible that
alcohol use, or other factors, may explain some of the
contradictory findings to date.
Given the interest in the risks associated with marijuana
use among the general public and policy makers, replication
of reports that marijuana use is associated with
morphological changes in the brain is essential. To that
end, we retrospectively examined brain morphology in a
sample of adult daily marijuana users (n = 29) versus
nonusing control subjects (n = 29), using techniques
identical to those used in the study by Gilman et al.
(2014). We examined the same variables in adolescent daily
users (n = 50) versus nonusers (n = 50). Importantly, there
were two differences in our analytic approach. Because the
previous study suggested an exposure-dependent effect
(Gilman et al., 2014), we compared daily users to nonusers.
Evaluating the extremes should provide greater statistical
power (McClelland, 1997). Furthermore, groups were matched
on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT),
whereas groups differed on AUDIT scores in the original
article. We evaluated the following structures that were the
focus of recent studies of marijuana: the bilateral nucleus
accumbens and amygdala (Gilman et al., 2014); hippocampus
(Demirakca et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2012); and
cerebellum (Solowij et al., 2011; Cousijn et al., 2012).
Previous Section
Next Section
Materials and Methods
Adult participants and measures.
Adult participants (N = 503) were recruited from the greater
Albuquerque, NM, or Boulder/Denver, CO, metropolitan regions
through advertisements for studies on alcohol/substance use.
Exclusionary criteria and study details have been specified
in previous publications (Filbey et al., 2008; Claus et al.,
2011). Written informed consent, approved by the University
of New Mexico Human Research Committee, was obtained from
all participants.
Participants completed the Time Line Follow Back (TLFB) to
assess quantity and frequency of substance use for the past
60 d (Sobell and Sobell, 1992), the AUDIT to assess
hazardous drinking/dependence (Saunders et al., 1993), the
Impulsive Sensation-Seeking Scale (IMPSS) of the
Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Zuckerman et
al., 1993), the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al.,
1961), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al.,
1988).
Based on the TLFB data, a subset of subjects was identified
as daily marijuana users (n = 29, 16 male and 13 female).
From the remaining subjects, age, gender, and AUDIT scores
were used to create a matched control group reporting no
marijuana use in the past 60 d.
Adolescent participants and measures.
Adolescent participants (N = 262) were recruited through
juvenile justice services in Albuquerque as part of a larger
study on adolescent risk behavior (Magnan et al., 2013). All
eligible participants were assented, and parental or legal
guardian consent was obtained before participation; the
University of New Mexico Human Research Committee approved
all study procedures. Exclusionary criteria were the use of
psychotropic medications or diagnosis of a psychiatric
disorder other than attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder.
Adolescents were identified based on the frequency of their
marijuana use during the past 3 months (White and Labouvie,
1989) as daily users (n = 50, 41 male and 9 female) or as
part of a matched group of nonusers (n = 50, 36 male and 14
female). Additional measures for quantity and frequency of
alcohol use and cigarette smoking were obtained from the
assessment of the past 3 months (White and Labouvie, 1989).
Adolescents also completed the AUDIT and IMPSS as well as
the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992).
Anatomical image acquisition.
Both neuroimaging sites have 3 T Siemens Trio scanners with
12-channel radio frequency coils. High-resolution
T1-weighted structural images were acquired using the same
5-echo multi-echo MPRAGE sequence, as follows: TE = 1.64,
3.5, 5.36, 7.22, and 9.08 ms; TR = 2.53 s; TI = 1.2 s; flip
angle = 7°; excitations = 1; slice thickness = 1 mm; field
of view = 256 mm; resolution = 256 × 256 × 176; voxel size
1 × 1 × 1 mm; pixel bandwidth = 650 Hz.
Voxel-based morphometry volumetric/density analysis.
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses were performed using
the FSLVBM analysis pipeline in FSL (version 5.0.1)
(http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/FSLVBM) following
standard automated processing (Ashburner and Friston, 2000;
Good et al., 2001), as in other publications (Depue et al.,
2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, images were brain
extracted and normalized to Montreal Neurological Institute
(MNI) standard space. Resulting images were averaged to
create a study-specific template, to which native gray
matter (GM) images were reregistered and modulated. The
modulated segmented images were smoothed with an isotropic
Gaussian kernel with a ? of 3, yielding a full-width at
half-maximum (FWHM) of 6.9 mm. The resulting
subject-specific GM probability maps were input into a
general linear model (GLM) to test for group differences
between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for
intracranial volume (ICV). Two separate GLM analyses were
performed to assess the following: (1) whole-brain GM
volume/density; and (2) partial volume region of interest
(ROI) using the bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampi, and the cerebellum. Separate masks for each of
these seven ROIs were created from the Harvard-Oxford
Sub-Cortical Atlas. Multiple-comparison correction used
voxelwise thresholding applied using the FSL Randomize
permutation-based non-parametric testing with 5000 Monte
Carlo simulations. Clusterwise extent correction using the
FSL built-in cluster-based thresholding technique was
applied with a threshold of t 2.3.
In addition, we extracted the volume for each of the ROIs;
these values were entered into a multivariate GLM (SPSS
version 21) to test for group differences, controlling for
ICV.
FreeSurfer surface-based morphometry volumetric analysis.
Surface-based morphometry (SBM) analyses used FreeSurfer
version 5.1 (https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) to perform
cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation were
similar to previous work (Gilman et al., 2014; Weiland et
al., 2014). Briefly, these methods included motion
correction, Talairach transformation, and segmentation and
parcellation of cortical and subcortical structures (Dale et
al., 1999; Fischl et al., 2004). The resulting
subject-specific volume maps were input into GLM analyses to
perform whole-brain analyses testing for group differences
between nonusers and daily marijuana users, controlling for
ICV. To correct for multiple comparisons, p-maps were
thresholded to yield an expected false discovery rate of 5%
(Genovese et al., 2002). Next, ROI analyses used FreeSurfer
output data for bilateral nucleus accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampi, and cerebellum. These volumes were entered into
a GLM to test for group differences while controlling for
ICV.
Finally, FreeSurfer outputs volumetric data for 35 cortical
structures per hemisphere, as well as right and left
thalamus, pallidum, and the a priori structures tested in
the ROI analyses (i.e., nucleus accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampus, and cerebellum). Volumes of all 82 structures
were entered into a multivariate GLM to test for the group
effect on any structure with ICV as a covariate.
FIRST shape analysis.
Shape analyses were performed using the FSL (version 5.0.1)
FIRST toolbox, as in other studies (Depue and Banich, 2012;
Depue et al., 2014; Gilman et al., 2014). Briefly, shape
models in FIRST are constructed from a library of manually
segmented images. FIRST searches for the most probable shape
instance given the observed intensities from input images.
Segmentation was performed with two-stage transformation to
MNI space (Woolrich et al., 2009) with boundary voxels
thresholded at 6.9 mm FWHM for bilateral nucleus accumbens,
amygdala, and hippocampi (FIRST does not currently provide a
shape model for the cerebellum). Permutation testing used
FSL Randomize with 5000 Monte Carlo simulations to test for
group differences in shape, correcting for multiple vertex
comparisons. Clusterwise extent correction was applied, with
a threshold of F 3.0.
Evaluation of effect sizes from recently published
papers.
Finally, we sought to compare our study to other recent
studies in the literature. We evaluated the articles listed
in the recent review by Lorenzetti et al. (2014) and, where
volumetric means were available, calculated effect sizes as
Cohen's d (Cohen, 1988) for the accumbens, amygdala,
hippocampus, and cerebellum.
Previous Section
Next Section
Results
Participants
Nonusers and daily marijuana users were nearly identical in
terms of age and AUDIT scores, with no significant
differences on other measures of comorbid alcohol and
tobacco use, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, sensation
--------------------------------------------------
SECONDO STUDIO 2015
Shared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis
Use and Subcortical Brain Structure
David Pagliaccio, PhD1; Deanna M. Barch, PhD2,3,4; Ryan
Bogdan, PhD3; Phillip K. Wood, PhD5; Michael T. Lynskey,
PhD6; Andrew C. Heath, DPhil2; Arpana Agrawal, PhD2
[-] Author Affiliations
1The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St
Louis, St Louis, Missouri
2Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St
Louis, St Louis, Missouri
3Department of Psychology, Washington University in St
Louis, St Louis, Missouri
4Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis,
St Louis, Missouri
5Department of PsychologicalSciences, University of
Missouri, Columbia
6Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,
Department of Addictions, King’s College London, London,
England
JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 26, 2015.
doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1054
Importance Prior neuroimaging studies have suggested that
alterations in brain structure may be a consequence of
cannabis use. Siblings discordant for cannabis use offer an
opportunity to use cross-sectional data to disentangle such
causal hypotheses from shared effects of genetics and
familial environment on brain structure and cannabis use.
Objectives To determine whether cannabis use is associated
with differences in brain structure in a large sample of
twins/siblings and to examine sibling pairs discordant for
cannabis use to separate potential causal and
predispositional factors linking lifetime cannabis exposure
to volumetric alterations.
Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional diagnostic
interview, behavioral, and neuroimaging data were collected
from community sampling and established family registries
from August 2012 to September 2014. This study included data
from 483 participants (22-35 years old) enrolled in the
ongoing Human Connectome Project, with 262 participants
reporting cannabis exposure (ie, ever used cannabis in their
lifetime).
Main Outcomes and Measures Cannabis exposure was measured
with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of
Alcoholism. Whole-brain, hippocampus, amygdala, ventral
striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex volumes were related to
lifetime cannabis use (ever used, age at onset, and
frequency of use) using linear regressions. Genetic (?g) and
environmental (?e) correlations between cannabis use and
brain volumes were estimated. Linear mixed models were used
to examine volume differences in sex-matched concordant
unexposed (n?=?71 pairs), exposed (n?=?81 pairs), or
exposure discordant (n?=?89 pairs) sibling pairs.
Results Among 483 study participants, cannabis exposure was
related to smaller left amygdala (approximately 2.3%;
P?=?.007) and right ventral striatum (approximately 3.5%; P?
1 ottobre 2015 0:23 - ennius4531
Mi dispiace , ma non posso deludere il tuo sodale
W3C_Freedom .
O ci dai il numero di protocollo oppure non possiamo
prendere nulla in considerazione.
.... Lex, dura lex, sed lex.
Intanto, leggiamo ...
The Journal of Neuroscience, April 16, 2014 • 34(16):5529
–5538 • 5529
Neurobiology of Disease
Cannabis Use is Quantitatively Associated with Nucleus
Accumbens and Amygdala (ndr ..è una parte del cervello che
gestisce le emozioni ed in particolar modo la paura[1]. )
Abnormalities in Young Adult Recreational Users
Jodi M. Gilman,1,4,5 John K. Kuster,1,2* Sang Lee,1,6* Myung
Joo Lee,1,6* Byoung Woo Kim,1,6 Nikos Makris,3,5 Andre van
der Kouwe,4,5 Anne J. Blood,1,2,4,5† and Hans C.
Breiter1,2,4,6†?1Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics,
Department of Psychiatry, 2Mood and Motor Control
Laboratory, 3Center for Morphometric Analysis, Department of
Psychiatry, and 4Athinoula A. Martinos Center in Biomedical
Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, 5Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and 6Warren Wright
Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 06011
Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the
United States, but little is known about its effects on the
human brain, particularly on reward/aversion regions
implicated in addiction, such as the nucleus accumbens and
amygdala. Animal studies show structural changes in brain
regions such as the nucleus accumbens after exposure to
????9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but less is known about cannabis
use and brain morphometry in these regions in humans.
We collected high-resolution MRI scans on young adult
recreational marijuana users and nonusing controls and
conducted three independent analyses of morphometry in these
structures: (1) gray matter density using voxel-based
morphometry, (2) volume (total brain and regional volumes),
and (3) shape (surface morphometry).
Gray matter density analyses revealed greater gray matter
density in marijuana users than in control participants in
the left nucleus accumbens extending to subcallosal cortex,
hypothalamus, sublenticular extended amygdala, and left
amygdala, even after controlling for age, sex, alcohol use,
and cigarette smoking. Trend-level effects were observed for
a volume increase in the left nucleus accumbens only.
Significant shape differences were detected in the left
nucleus accumbens and right amygdala.
The left nucleus accumbens showed salient exposure-
dependent alterations across all three measures and an
altered multimodal relationship across measures in the
marijuana group.
These data suggest that marijuana exposure, even in young
recreational users, is associated with exposure-dependent
alterations of the neural matrix of core reward structures
and is consistent with animal studies of changes in
dendritic arborization.
.......
This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug
Abuse (Grants 14118, 026002, 026104, and 027804 to H.C.B.
and Grant 034093 to J.M.G.), the Office of National Drug
Control Policy, Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center
(Grants DABK39-03-0098 and DABK39-03-C-0098), and the
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,
National Institutes of Health (Grant 052368 to A.J.B.).
H.C.B. was also supported by the Warren Wright Adolescent
Center at Northwestern Memorial Hospital and Northwestern
University, Chicago. J.M.G. was supported by a Harvard
Medical School Norman E. Zinberg Fellowship in Addiction
Psychiatry Research.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.?
P.s. Riporto altri dati ponendo il dilemma : che siano i
numeri di protocollo ?
HAI SOLO DA USARE GOOGLE FIGLIO DI PUTTANA E TI VAI A
SCARICARE QUELLO COPIATO E INCOLLATO QUI SOTTO,TRA L'ALTRO
SPESSO CITO FONTI E AUTORI
NON GIRIAMO LA FRITTATA PARLIAMO DI HARVARD COGLIONE,COME
MAI LO STESSO ISTITUTO CHE HA FATTO LO STUDIO CHE PROPONI DA
ANNI L'HA SMENTITO CON STUDI DEL 2013 2014 E 2015 COME
RIPORTATO SOTTO,COS'HAI DA DIRCI A RIGUARDO DEFICENTE?
30 settembre 2015 12:36 - ennius4531
Secondo la 'legge' del tuo sodale W3C_Freedom, il tuo
arrabattarti a copia/incollare Starfighter , non ha base
scientifica in quanto mancherebbe anche del .. numero di
protocollo !
Alcuni passi della 'legge' succitata .
"... di tutto quello che dici , non c'è traccia, non è
documentato per data, numero di protocollo, ricercatori..
Dunque le chiacchiere stanno a zero così come riportate da
te, inoltre non è pubblicato un numero di telefono, linea
fax, e-mail per contattare i ricercatori.
Ritorno col dirti che quello che hai scritto fino ad oggi e
che continuerai a scrivere, non ha e non avra' alcun
fondamento, finche' non ci saranno le ricerche documentate
da poter leggere come files:
*.dbk; *.html; *.tex; *.texi; *.txt
o da poter ascoltare come files:
*.flac; *.ogg
o da poter vedere come files:
*.mkv; *.ogv; *.webm " . "
--------------------------
Comunque, ribadisco il mio giudizio sul riportare da parte
di Starfighter ampia documentazione critica sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole
alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse :
ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i
commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi
studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti
deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di
vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ...
sblocca maiuscole....
30 settembre 2015 3:37 - Starfighter23
SE TU AVESSI UN MINIMO DI ORGOGLIO E DI DIGNITA',DOVRESTI
ANDARTENE AFFANCULO VIA DA QUESTO FORUM PUNTO,SEI STATO
SPUTTANATO,INSULTATO E UMILLIATO IN TUTTE LE FORME DA 10
ANNI,MA SEI MASOCHISTA CHE CONTINUI A VENIRE A MANGIARE
MERDA SU ADUC?
VUOI PARLARE DI CANNABIS SENZA AVERE LE COMPETENZE,SENZA
AVERLA MAI PROVATA,VUOI GUIDARE UNA FERRARI SENZA
PATENTE,AVVENTURANDOTI SU TERRENI IMPERVI,TI DO UN CONSIGLIO
LEVATI DAI COGLIONI,NON TI CREDE PIU NESSUNO SEI PEGGIO DEI
TESTIMONI DI GEOVA FIGLIO DI PUTTANA,VAI A DERIDERE I MALATI
DA UN ALTRA PARTE SCAFISTA VERME INFAME,PISCIATI ADDOSSO E
SPARATI COGLIONE
30 settembre 2015 2:59 - Starfighter23
@ENNIUS MERDUS VERMUS
"What is clear, though, is that cannabis use is not the
cause of the illness. This view is shared by the authors of
the latest study, which was published early August 2015"
ad harvard l'ultimo l'hanno pubblicato agli inizi di Agosto
inpiu ci sono studi del 2013 e 2014 che lo smontano,ho detto
di rispondere allo studio qui sotto con materiale del 2015
se no sei un coglione
JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 26, 2015.
doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1054
quindi io l'ultimo che ho postato e' di fine agosto 2015 tu
invece figlio di puttana con cosa rispondi?non ti
arrampicare sui vetri cefca di argomentare e riponderee su
come mai Harvard Medical school ha smontato IL TUO STUDIO
SPAZZATURA CON 3 STUDI 2013 2014 E 2015
TI RICORDO BRUTTO FIGLIO DI PUTTANA CHE DR LESTER GREENSPOON
E' UN PROFESSORE ASSOCIATO EMERITO DI PSICHIATRIA ALLA
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL DA TE CITATA 1000 VOLTE,QUINDI
TROVATI ALTRI STUDI E NON CITARE PIU HARVARD MEDICAL
SCHOOL,VISTO HANNO PUBBLICATO DECINE DI STUDI A FAVORE DELLA
CAUSA E AD HARVARD I VERTICI SONO PROCANNABIS
PRESENTATI CON QUALCOSA DEL 2015 FIGLIO DI PUTTANA NON C'E'
PIU SPAZIO PER LE TUE MENZOGNE
Shared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis
Use and Subcortical Brain Structure
Importance Prior neuroimaging studies have suggested that
alterations in brain structure may be a consequence of
cannabis use. Siblings discordant for cannabis use offer an
opportunity to use cross-sectional data to disentangle such
causal hypotheses from shared effects of genetics and
familial environment on brain structure and cannabis use.
Objectives To determine whether cannabis use is associated
with differences in brain structure in a large sample of
twins/siblings and to examine sibling pairs discordant for
cannabis use to separate potential causal and
predispositional factors linking lifetime cannabis exposure
to volumetric alterations.
Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional
diagnostic interview, behavioral, and neuroimaging data were
collected from community sampling and established family
registries from August 2012 to September 2014. This study
included data from 483 participants (22-35 years old)
enrolled in the ongoing Human Connectome Project, with 262
participants reporting cannabis exposure (ie, ever used
cannabis in their lifetime).
Main Outcomes and Measures Cannabis exposure was measured
with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of
Alcoholism. Whole-brain, hippocampus, amygdala, ventral
striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex volumes were related to
lifetime cannabis use (ever used, age at onset, and
frequency of use) using linear regressions. Genetic (?g) and
environmental (?e) correlations between cannabis use and
brain volumes were estimated. Linear mixed models were used
to examine volume differences in sex-matched concordant
unexposed (n?=?71 pairs), exposed (n?=?81 pairs), or
exposure discordant (n?=?89 pairs) sibling pairs.
Results Among 483 study participants, cannabis exposure was
related to smaller left amygdala (approximately 2.3%;
P?=?.007) and right ventral striatum (approximately 3.5%; P?
30 settembre 2015 0:04 - ennius4531
Starfighter ha dichiarato...
19 agosto 2015 4:19 - Starfighter23
.....VOGLIAMO STUDI DEL 2015 SE NO NON SEI CREDIBILE
IDIOTA.
per poi dirci che ..
"ECCOTI IL TUO STUDIO DI HARVARD SMONTATO DALLO STESSO
ISTITUTO CHE LO HA FATTO CON 2 STUDI UNO DEL 2013 E UNO DEL
2014 ..."
Ora, dal momento che detti studi propostici non sono del
2015, che cos'é Starfighter se non un ... IDIOTA !
Facciamo uno sforzo e superiamo l'idiozia di Starfighter per
chiarire altre cosette.
Starfighter ha dichiarato anche ...
' Senti ho 40 anni e ho consumato cannabis da quando ho 14
anni ....'' .
---------------------------
In relazione a quanto sopra, uno dei capi della ricerca,
riportata da Starfighter , cosa ci dice ?
'.. Terrie Moffit, professor of psychiatry at King’s
College London, commented to the BBC:
“It is such a special study that I’m fairly confident
that cannabis is safe for over-18 brains, but risky for
under-18 brains.”.
------------------
Prendiamola per buona; per cui la conclusione a cui si
arriva é: dal momento che Starfighter l'ha assunta prima
del 18 anno di età, ha evidentemente corso dei rischi .
Riporto un mio precedente commento aggiornandolo ad
oggi...
l fatto che Starfighter riporti ampia documentazione critica
sui tentativi di
' ..minimizzazione del problema delle droghe e favorevole
alla loro liberalizzazione.'
e
documentazione sugli effetti nulli delle stesse ,
ritengo la cosa ... pleonastica in quanto , nel leggere i
commenti estemporanei dello stesso , al di là di qualsiasi
studio scientifico o no, come si possono negare gli effetti
deleteri sui neuroni da parte dell'erba magica ?
P.s. Nei pochi momenti in cui esci dal tuo mondo fatto di
vaporizzatori e sative, fatto dire come pigiare il tasto ...
sblocca maiuscole....